Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a brain disorder involving repeated seizures which are episodes of disturbed brain function that result in changes in attention or behavior. They are caused by abnormal excited electrical signals in the brain. In some cases, stroke or injury to the brain causes temporary seizures. For others, an inherited abnormality affects nerve cells in the brain leading to a chronic, life-long condition. Some seizures, usually occurring between ages 5 and 20, are idiopathic, which means the cause cannot be identified. Often there is a family history of seizures or epilepsy. Disorders affecting the blood vessels, such as stroke and TIA, are the most common cause of seizures after age 60. Degenerative disorders such as senile dementia, metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes, kidney failure and nutritional deficiencies, tumors, brain injury, or certain infections can also lead to seizures. The severity of symptoms can vary greatly, from simple staring spells to loss of consciousness and violent convulsions.

There are two types of generalized seizures: petit mal and grand mal. Petit mal seizures take place most often during childhood with re-occurring, brief sudden loss of awareness and minimal movement. Grand mal seizures usually involve whole body violent muscle contractions, rigidity, loss of consciousness and confusion following the experience. Partial seizures affect only a portion of the brain. A detailed neuromuscular examination will include an electroencephalograph (EEG) reading of the electrical activity in the brain. Various blood tests may also be included to rule out other temporary and reversible causes of seizures. Treatment may include surgery to repair tumors or brain lesions as well as anti-consultants, taken by mouth, to reduce the number of future seizures. Patients should wear medical alert jewelry so that prompt medical treatment can be obtained if a seizure occurs. Support groups can be very helpful in relieving stress and sharing common experiences with others.

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